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Piperales, ordem de plantas com flores, composta por 3 famílias, 17 gêneros e 4.170 espécies. Juntamente com as ordens Laurales, Magnoliales e Canellales, Piperales forma o clado magnolóide, que é um ramo evolutivo inicial da árvore dos angiospermas; o clado corresponde a parte da subclasse Magnoliidae sob o antigo sistema de classificação botânica de Cronquist.
Muitas espécies de Piperales são plantas ornamentais cultivadas, incluindo a cauda de lagarto (Saururus cernuus); Espécies de Peperomia; Anemopsis, do sudoeste da América do Norte; Houttuynia, uma cobertura do solo da Ásia; gengibre selvagem (Asarum); e espécies vivas de Aristolochia, algumas conhecidas como cachimbo holandês. Piper nigrum é a principal fonte do condimento picante conhecido como pimenta preta (mas também pimenta verde ou branca).
Características comuns
Os membros da ordem Piperales costumam ter vários recursos também encontrados em monocotiledôneas, incluindo feixes vasculares discretos no caule e três partes de flores. Embora existam membros lenhosos, essa ordem é caracteristicamente herbácea e geralmente apresenta nós de folhas inchados. A reprodução por sementes é o principal método de dispersão de espécies em Piperales, mas a fragmentação de rizomas na família da cauda do lagarto garante a propagação vegetativa. A drupa é o tipo de fruta predominante em Piperaceae, ou a família da pimenta, enquanto as frutas secas caracterizam as outras quatro famílias.
Famílias
Saururaceae, a família da cauda do lagarto, é nativa da América do Norte e do Sudeste Asiático. Inclui cinco gêneros e seis espécies, a maioria ervas aromáticas com rizomas rastejantes (hastes horizontais). As plantas geralmente habitam áreas úmidas.
The largest family in Piperales is Piperaceae, which is pantropical and includes 5 genera and some 3,600 species, most of them in the large genera Peperomia and Piper (the black pepper genus). Saururaceae and Piperaceae are closely related. Their inflorescences (flower clusters) are slender, spikelike, and covered with inconspicuous closely appressed flowers. Even though individual flowers are small, the floral spikes are showy, and in several Saururaceae species the spikes resemble a single flower because of the expanded bracts that arise below the inflorescence. In Saururus the elongate cluster bends at its tip to suggest the fanciful appellation “lizard’s tail.” Other features common to most species of these two families include a sheathing leaf base, a lack of sepals and petals, bisexual flowers (stamens and carpels in the same flower), and the presence of one erect ovule per ovary chamber.
Aristolochiaceae, the birthwort family, includes about 590 species of woody vines, shrubs, and herbaceous species. Most species are distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, though several genera are in the temperate zone. Compared with the flowers of other Piperales families, those of Aristolochiaceae are usually large, and some trap pollinating flies that are lured by unpleasant smells. Asarum and Saruma are herbaceous genera of the north temperate zone, most diverse in eastern Asia. Aristolochia includes more than 400 species of vines and herbs, many of them tropical. It is this group that is sometimes divided into two or four separate genera.
Lactoris fernandeziana, the only species in Lactoris (formerly of the family Lactoridaceae), is found on one island of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, off the coast of Chile. The leaves have a sheathing base, and the flowers occur singly or in small clusters along the stem. The flower stalks, or petioles, appear to arise from a sheathing leaf base that lacks a leaf blade. Lactoris pollen has been recovered in southern Africa from sediments dating back to the Late Cretaceous Epoch (100.5 million to 66 million years ago).
The former family Hydnoraceae is now a small subfamily of Aristolochiaceae, with seven species in two genera. They are terrestrial parasitic plants that lack leaves and chlorophyll. The large flowers have a single three-parted perianth whorl and an inferior ovary; they are foul-smelling and are pollinated by flies and beetles. Prosopanche occurs in Central and South America, and Hydnora occurs in Africa, Madagascar, and the Arabian Peninsula. The southern African Hydnora triceps grows exclusively on succulent species of Euphorbia.
