Ufa (Уфа) - Rússia (Pode 2024)
O Bashkortostan, também chamado Bashkiriya, república na Rússia, se estende das encostas ocidentais das montanhas do sul dos Urais, no leste, até as colinas ondulantes do planalto Bugulma-Belebey, a oeste.
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Do monte Yamantau, o pico mais alto dos Urais do sul, a elevação geralmente diminui para o sul e oeste, com as montanhas densamente arborizadas dando lugar a estepes entremeadas por ilhas de árvores de folha caduca e às planícies de inundação do rio Belaya. O maior afluente de Kama e a principal via de água da república, o Belaya se ergue no sul dos Urais, flui para o sudoeste e depois para o noroeste, e separa o leste montanhoso do oeste da montanha. As massas de ar frio da Sibéria afetam severamente o clima úmido e continental da república. Podem ser registradas temperaturas extremas de -49 ° F (-45 ° C) no inverno e de 97 ° F (36 ° C) no verão. A parte sul da república sofre com os ventos sukhovey abrasadores e produtores de secas no final da primavera e no verão.As chuvas variam de 16 a 20 polegadas (400 a 500 mm) nas áreas de estepes a 24 polegadas (600 mm) nas montanhas.
Estabelecida durante o canato da Horda Dourada pelos Bashkirs turcos, a área passou para a Rússia em 1552 após a derrubada do canato de Kazan pelo czar Ivan IV, o Terrível. Em 1574, os russos fundaram Ufa, agora a capital e maior cidade da república. Em meados do século XVIII, a produção de cobre e ferro havia começado na área e era uma república autônoma da URSS de 1919 a 1991.
Included in the Volga economic region of Russia, Bashkortostan has developed both agriculturally and industrially. The republic’s rich mineral resources provide many raw materials for its expanding industries. Oil and natural gas are extracted from oil fields near Ufa and Neftekamsk in the northwest, at Belebey in the west, and at Ishimbay on the middle Belaya; iron ore and manganese are mined in the Urals, copper in the southeast, and salt near Sterlitamak; and quarries provide materials for the glass and cement industries. Petroleum production, refining, and processing rank as the most important of the republic’s industries. The main refineries at Ufa, Ishimbay, and Salavat are linked by a pipeline network with both regional oil fields and those of the republic of Tatarstan. Iron and steel centres at Beloretsk and Tirlyansky produce steel cables, wire, and sheet steel, used in the manufacture of machine tools, petroleum and mining equipment, motor engines, electric cables, telephones, and typewriters. The chemical industry uses oil and gas by-products, and the timber industry produces veneer, furniture, matches, and paper for manufacture. Large power plants are located at Ufa, Sterlitamak, Ishimbay, Yermolaevo, Salavat, and Karmanovo.
Agriculture is most important in the Belaya River valley. The main agricultural products include rye, oats, corn (maize), flax, sugar beets, potatoes, and sunflowers; market gardening flourishes around Ufa and Sterlitamak, while stock raising (cattle, sheep, goats) predominates in the Urals. The area is noted for its breed of horses, and beekeeping, a traditional occupation, is widespread. Rail and motor roads radiate from Ufa, which also has an airport; one of the main trans-Urals railway routes passes through the capital, and branch lines from it lead to other industrial centres of the republic, to Magnitogorsk, and to the mountainous regions of Bashkortostan.
The population of Bashkortostan comprises Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mari, Ukrainians, and Mordvinians; the great majority are urban dwellers. Sterlitamak and Salavat rank with Ufa as major cities. The republic has several institutes of higher education, hundreds of libraries, and many theatres, several of which have performances in the Bashkir language. Area 55,400 square miles (143,600 square km). Pop. (2006 est.) 4,063,409.
